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Time of Troubles
The Time of Troubles ((ロシア語:Смутное время)) was a period of Russian history comprising the years of interregnum between the death of the last Russian Tsar of the Rurik Dynasty, Feodor Ivanovich, in 1598, and the establishment of the Romanov Dynasty in 1613. In 1601–03, Russia suffered a famine that killed one-third of the population, about two million. At the time, during the Polish–Muscovite War (1605–18) (known as the ''Dimitriads''), Russia was occupied by the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, and suffered from civil uprisings, usurpers and impostors.
==Causes==
After Feodor's death, his brother-in-law and closest adviser, ''boyar'' Boris Godunov, who had already acted as regent for the mentally-challenged Feodor, was elected his successor by a Great National Assembly (''Zemsky Sobor''). Godunov's short reign (1598–1605) was not as successful as his administration under the weak Feodor.
Extremely poor harvests were encountered in 1601–03, with nighttime temperatures in all summer months often below freezing, wrecking crops; see Russian famine of 1601–03.〔Borisenkov E, Pasetski V. ''The Thousand-Year Annals of the Extreme Meteorological Phenomena''. ISBN 5-244-00212-0, p. 190.〕 The probable cause of climatic changes was the eruption of Huaynaputina volcano in Peru in 1600.〔("1600 Eruption Caused Global Disruption" ), ''Geology Times'', 25 Apr 2008, accessed 13 Nov 2010〕〔(Andrea Thompson, "Volcano in 1600 caused global disruption" ), MSNBC.com, 5 May 2008, accessed 13 Nov 2010〕 Widespread hunger led to mass starvation; the government distributed money and food for poor people in Moscow, but that only led to refugees' flocking to the capital and increasing the economic disorganization. The oligarchical faction, headed by the Romanovs, considered it a disgrace to obey a boyar; conspiracies were frequent; the rural districts were desolated by famine and plague; large bands of armed brigands roamed the country committing all manner of atrocities; the Don Cossacks on the frontier were restless; and the government demonstrated it could not keep order.
Under the influence of the great nobles who had unsuccessfully opposed the election of Godunov, the general discontent was expressed as hostility to him as a usurper. Rumours circulated that the late tsar's younger brother Dmitri, thought to be dead, was still alive and in hiding.
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